Korea Journal
- 권한신청
- P-ISSN0023-3900
- E-ISSN2733-9343
- A&HCI, SCOPUS, KCI
Evidence of Taekwondo’s Roots in Karate: An Analysis of the Technical Content of Early Taekwondo Literature
조성균 (영산대학교)
곽택용 (용인대학교)
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
Abstract
The taekwondo establishment presents taekwondo as the descendent of ancient Koreanmartial arts. However, during the last two decades, some scholars have begun toquestion this presentation, contending instead that taekwondo is the product ofKoreans who studied karate in Japan during the Japanese colonial years, and thenintroduced karate to Korea after coming home. A comprehensive survey of the existingKorean martial arts literature published between 1945 and 1970 strongly supportsthe argument that early “taekwondo” had in fact been Japanese karate, or morespecifically, Funakoshi Gichin’s Shotokan karate. Therefore, the assertion that earlytaekwondo had its roots in Korean martial arts is difficult to sustain.
- keywords
- taekwondo, karate, quanfa, gwan, Korean martial arts, literature review
참고문헌
Bak, Cheong-jeong. 2007. Muye dobo tongji juhae (Recorded Documents of Martial Arts Illustrations and Commentary). Seoul: Dongmunseon.
Bak, Jeol-hui. 1958. Pasa gwonbeop: gongsudo gyobon (Gwonbeop Association:Gongsudo Textbook). Seoul: Gudeok Wonsa.
Bittmann, Heiko. 1999. Karatedô, der Weg der leeren Hand (Karate: The Way of the Empty Hand). Ludwigsburg: Verlag Heiko Bittmann.
Capener, Steven D. 1995. “Problems in the Identity and Philosophy of T’aegwondo and Their Historical Causes.” Korea Journal 35.4: 80-94.
Capener, Steven D. 2005. “The Modern Significance of Taekwondo as Sport and Martial Art: Overcoming Cultural and Historical Limitations in Traditional Thinking.”Hanguk sasang-gwa munhwa (Korean Thought and Culture) 30: 321-54.
Cho, Sihak Henry. 1968. Korean Karate Free Fighting Technique. Rutland and Tokyo:Charles E. Tuttle Company.
Cho, Sungkyun, Moenig Udo, and Nam Dohee. 2012. “The Available Evidence Regarding T’aekkyŏn and Its Portrayal as a ‘Traditional Korean Martial Art.’”Acta Koreana 15.2: 341-368.
Choe, Song-nam. 1955. Gwonbeop gyobon (Gwonbeop Textbook). Seoul: Donga Munhwasa.
Choi, Hong Hi. 1958. Taegwondo gyobon (Taekwondo Textbook). Seoul: Seonghwa Munhwasa.
Choi, Hong Hi. 1965. Taekwondo: The Art of Self-Defence. Seoul: Daeha Publication Company.
Friday, Karl F., and Humitake Seki. 1997. Legacies of the Sword: The Kashima-Shinryu and Samurai Martial Culture. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
Funakoshi, Gichin. [1925] 1996. Rentan goshin otodejutsu 錬膽護身唐手術 (Todi Arts: Polish Your Courage for Self-Defense). Tokyo: Airyudo.
Funakoshi, Gichin. [1935] 1973. Karate-do Kyohan: The Master Text. Translated by Ohshima Tsutomu. Tokyo: Kondansha International.
Funakoshi, Gichin. [1943] 1988. Karate-do Nyumon: The Master Introductory Text. Translated by Teramoto John. Tokyo: Kodansha International.
Gillis, Alex. 2008. A Killing Art: The Untold History of Tae Kwon Do. Toronto:ECW Press.
Hancock, John. 2009. “Quest for the Truth: The Origin of Tang Soo Do’s Forms.” Last modified December 11, 2009. http://www.usadojo.com/articles/tang-soo-do-forms.htm.
Hassell, Randall G. 2007. Shotokan Karate: Its History and Evolution. Los Angeles:Empire Books.
Hawaii Karate Museum. “Rare Karate Book Collection.” Accessed November 23, 2012. http://museum.hikari.us/books/index.html.
Heo, In-uk. 2008. Taegwondo hyeongseongsa (The Formation History of Taekwondo). Paju: Korean Studies Information. http://www.martialtalk.com/forum/144-martialtalk-magazine-articles/43718-changmoo-kwan-kangduk-won-history-photos-available-upon-request.html.
Hwang, Kee. 1949. Hwasudo gyobon (Hwasudo Textbook). Seoul: Joseon Munhwa Chulpansa.
Hwang, Kee. 1958. Dangsudo gyobon (Dangsudo Textbook). Seoul: Gyerang Munhwasa.
Hwang, Kee. 1970. Subakdo daegam (Subakdo Encyclopedia). Seoul: Samgwang Chulpansa.
Hwang, Kee. 1995. The History of Moo Duk Kwan. Springfield, NJ: Tang Soo Do Moo Duk Kwan Federation.
Jeong, Gyeong-hwa. 2005. Taekkyeon wollon (Taekkyeon Principles). Seoul:Bogyeong Munhwasa.
Kang, Won Shik, and Lee Kyong Myong. 1999. Taegwondo hyeondaesa (A Modern History of Taekwondo). Seoul: Bogyeong Munhwasa.
Kim, Yong-ok. 1990. Taegwondo cheolhak-ui guseong wolli (Principles Governing the Construction of Taekwondo Philosophy). Seoul: Tongnamu.
Lee, Chong Woo. 1971. Taegwondo gyobon (Taekwondo Textbook). Seoul: Korea Taekwondo Association Publication.
Madis, Eric. 2003. “The Evolution of Taekwondo from Japanese Karate.” In Martial Arts in the Modern World, edited by Thomas A. Green and Joseph R. Svinth, 185-209. Westport: Praeger Publishers.
Moenig, Udo. 2011. “The Evolution of Kicking Techniques in Taekwondo.” Journal of Asian Martial Arts 20.1: 8-31.
Moenig, Udo. 2012. “The Incomplete Transformation of Taekwondo from a ‘Martial Art’ to a ‘Martial Sport.’” PhD diss., Keimyung University.
Moenig, Udo, Cho Sungkyun, and Song Hyeongseok. 2012. “The Modifications of Protective Gear, Rules and Regulations During Taekwondo’s Evolution—From Its Obscure Origins to the Olympics.” International Journal of the History of Sport 29.9: 1363-1381.
Nishiyama, Hidetaka, and Richard C. Brown. 1960. Karate: The Art of “Empty Hand” Fighting. Vermont and Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Company.
Noble, Graham. 1997. “The West Learns About the ‘Empty Hand.’” Fighting Arts International 93: 42-8. http://seinenkai.com/articles/noble/noble-books2. html.
Read, Stanton E., and Chai Ik Jin. 1965. Taekwondo: A Way of Life in Korea. Seoul:America-Korea Friendship Association.
Son, Duk Sung, and Robert J. Clark. 1968. Korean Karate: The Art of Tae Kwon Do. New York: Prentice-Hall Press.
Song, Deok-gi, and Bak Jong-gwan. 1983. Taekkyeon. Seoul: Seorim Munhwasa.
World Taekwondo Federation. 2009. “Taekwondo in Modern Times.” http://www. wtf.org/wtf_eng/site/about_taekwondo/modern_times.html.
Yi, Kyo-yun. 1965. Baengmanin-ui taesudo gyobon (Taesudo Textbook for the Millions). Seoul: Topik Chulpansa.
Yi, Won-guk. 1968. Taegwondo gyobeom (Taekwondo Manual). Seoul: Jinsudang.
- 다운로드 수
- 조회수
- 0KCI 피인용수
- 0WOS 피인용수