- Apply for Authority
- P-ISSN0023-3900
- E-ISSN2733-9343
- A&HCI, SCOPUS, KCI
ISSN : 0023-3900
Impact of Chemyeon on Koreans’ Verbal Aggressiveness and Argumentativeness
(Fleishman-Hillard Korea)
- Downloaded
- Viewed
Abstract
This study examines how the level of verbal aggressiveness and argumentativeness of Korean people is affected by chemyeon (roughly translated as “face”), a deeply pervasive Korean concept that pertains to one’s consciousness of how others perceive one’s performance, personality, and status. In particular, the relationship between chemyeon and Korean verbal aggressiveness was examined with regards to the type of argument taking place and the social status of one’s counterpart in the argument. All of these factors (i.e. chemyeon, type of argument, counterpart’s status) were found to have a decisive impact on the level of one’s verbal aggressiveness. Next, chemyeon was divided into social and personal chemyeon, and the interaction was again analyzed with regards to the aforementioned contextual variables. It was found that the effect of social chemyeon depended on the type of argument and the counterpart’s social status. Specifically, social chemyeon had a stronger effect on Koreans’ approach argumentativeness when the arguments concerned personal matters, as opposed to public. Also, it was observed that social chemyeon tended to increase the level of approach argumentativeness when the counterpart was of a lower social status. These results can be attributed to the characteristics of social chemyeon, which involves the need to meet social expectations and perform appropriately in public.
- keywords
- chemyeon, face, argumentativeness, verbal aggressiveness, intercultural communication
Reference
Becker, Carl B. 1986. “Reasons for the Lack of Argumentation and Debate in the Far East.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 10: 75-92.
Chen, Ling, and Jung-huel B. Yeh. 2004. “Traditional Value Orientations and Argumentative Tendencies: A Study of Chinese Societies of Hong Kong, Taiwan and Mainland China.” Paper presented at the annual conference of the International Communication Association, New Orleans, May 27-31.
Cheong, Soo-Bok. 2007. Hangugin-ui munhwajeok munbeop (The Cultural Grammar of Koreans). Seoul: Thinking Tree.
Choi, Sang-Chin. 2000. Hangugin simnihak (Psychology of Koreans). Seoul: Chung-Ang University Press.
Choi, Sang-Chin, et al. 2000. “Gwonwi-e gwanhan hanugin-ui uisik chegye: gwonwi, gwonwijuui-wa chemyeon-ui gujo-e daehan tochak simnihakjeok jeopgeun” (The Structure of Authority, Authoritarianism, and Chemyeon in Korea: An Indigenous Analysis). Hanguk simni hakhoeji: sahoe munje (Korean Journal of Psychological and Social Issues) 6: 69-84.
Choi, Sang-Chin, and Kim Ki-Bun. 2000. “Chemyeon-ui simnijeok gujo” (The Internal Structure of Korean Social Chemyeon). Hanguk simni hakhoeji: sahoe mit seonggyeok (Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology) 14: 185-202.
Choi, Sang-Chin, and Seok-Jae Lee. 2002. “Two Component Model of Chemyon-Oriented Behaviors in Korea: Constructive and Defensive Chemyon.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 33: 332-345.
Choi, Sang-Chin, and Yu Seung-Yeob. 1992. “Hangugin-ui chemyeon-e daehan sahoe simnihakjuk han bunseok” (Multi-Faceted Analyses of Chemyeon: An Indigenous Korean Perspective). Hanguk simni hakhoeji: sahoe mit seonggyeok (Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology) 6: 137-157.
Cohen, Jacob, and Patricia Cohen. 2003. Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for Behavioral Sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Gao, Ge, and Stella Ting-Toomey. 1998. Communicating Effectively with the Chinese. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Graham, John L., Dong K. Kim, Chi-yuan Lin, and Michael Robinson. 1988. “Buyer-Seller Negotiations around the Pacific Rim: Differences in Fundamental Exchange Processes.” Journal of Consumer Research 15: 48-54.
Gudykunst, William B., Young-Chul Yoon, and Tsukasa Nishida. 1987. “The Influence of Individualism-Collectivism on Perceptions of Ingroup and Outgroup Relationships.” Communication Monographs 54: 295-306.
Harman, Catherine M., Donald Klopf, and Satoshi Ishii. 1990. “Verbal Aggression among Japanese and American Students.” Perceptual and Motor Skill 70: 1130-1130.
Hofstede, Geertz, and Michael H. Bond. 1987. “The Confucius Connection: From Cultural Roots to Economic Growth.” Organizational Dynamics 16: 5-21.
Hsu, Chia-Fang. 2007. “A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Communication Orientations between Americans and Taiwanese.” Communication Quarterly 55: 359-374.
Infante, Dominic A., and Andrew S. Rancer. 1982. “A Conceptualization and Measure of Argumentativeness.” Journal of Personality Assessment 46: 72-80.
Infante, Dominic A., and Andrew S. Rancer. 1993. “Relations between Argumentative Motivation, and Advocacy and Refutation on Controversial Issues.” Communication Quarterly 41: 415-426.
Infante, Dominic A., and Andrew S. Rancer. 1996. “Argumentativeness and Verbal Aggressiveness: A Review of Recent Theory and Research.” Communication Yearbook 19: 319-351.
Infante, Dominic A., and Charles J. Wigley. 1986. “Verbal Aggressiveness: An Interpersonal Model and Measure.” Communication Monographs 59: 61-69.
Infante, Dominic A., Andrew S. Rancer, and Charles J. Wigley. 2011. “In Defense of the Argumentativeness and Verbal Aggressiveness Scales.” Communication Quarterly 59: 145-154.
Jekins, Gerbner, Donald W. Klopf, and Myung-Seok Park. 1991. “Argumentativeness in Korean and American College Students: A Comparison.” Paper presented at the World Communication Association Convention, Jyvaskyla, Finland, July 28-August 3.
Johnson, Amy J. 2002. “Beliefs about Arguing: A Comparison of Public Issue and Personal Issue Arguments.” Communication Reports 15: 99-111.
Johnson, Amy J. 2003. “Argumentativeness and Verbal Aggressiveness: Type of Argument as Situational Constraint.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of International Communication Association, San Diego, May 27.
Johnson, Amy J., Jennifer A. H. Becker, Shelley Wigley, Michel M. Haigh, and Elizabeth A. Craig. 2007. “Reported Argumentativeness and Verbal Aggressiveness Levels: The Influence of Type of Argument.” Communication Studies 58: 189-205.
Kang, Kil-Ho. 2009. “Yangja chemyeon iron: hangukjeok keomyunikeisyeon ironhwa-ui han sido” (Theory of the Relationship between Personal Social Face and Other Social Face: An Attempt to Theorize Korean Communication Phenomena). Seupichi-wa keomyunikeisyeon (Speech and Communication) 12: 106-131.
Kim, Min-Sun. 2002. Non-Western Perspective on Human Communication: Implications for Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kim, Min-Sun, Katsuya Tasaki, In-Duk Kim, and Hye-Ryeon Lee. 2007. “The Influence of Social Status on Communication Predispositions: Focusing on Independent and Interdependent Self-Construals.” Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 17: 303-329.
Kim, Min-Sun, Krystyna S. Aune, John E. Hunter, Hyun-Joo Kim, and Jung-Sik Kim. 2001. “The Effect of Culture and Self-Construal on Predispositions toward Verbal Communication.” Human Communication Research 27: 382-408.
Kim, Yungwook, and Jungeun Yang. 2009. “Munhwa byeonsu-ga hyeopsang yulli-e michineun yeonghyang: chemyeon-gwa Hofstede munhwa byeonsu-reul jungsim-euro” (The Effect of Cultural Predictors on Perceived Ethicality on Negotiation Behavior: A Comparison of Chemyeon and Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions). Hanguk eollon jeongbo hakbo (Korean Journal of Communication and Information) 46: 212-244.
Kim, Yungwook, and Jungeun Yang. 2011. “The Influence of Chemyeon on Facework and Conflict Styles: Searching for the Korean Face and Its Impact.” Public Relations Review 37: 60-67.
Klopf, Donald W. 1984. “Cross-Cultural Apprehension Research: A Summary of Pacific Rim Studies.” In Avoiding Communication: Shyness, Reticence, and Communication, edited by John A. Daly and James C. McCrosky. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Klopf, Donald W., and Park Myung-Seok. 1992. “Korean Communication Practices: Comparative Research.” Korea Journal 32.1: 93-99.
Lim, Tae-Seop. 1994. “Chemyeon-ui gujo-wa chemyeon yokku-ui gyeoljeong yoin-e daehan yeongu” (A Study on the Structure of Chemyeon and the Factors Deciding the Chemyeon Needs). Hanguk eollon hakbo (Korean Journal of Communication and Journalism) 32: 207-247.
Lim, Tae-Seop, and Soohyang Choi. 1996. “Interpersonal Relationships in Korea.” In Communication in Personal Relationships across Cultures, edited by William Gudykunst, Stella Ting-Toomey, and Tsukasa Nishida. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Merkin, Rebecca S. 2009a. “Cross-Cultural Communication Patterns: Korean and American Communication.” Journal of Intercultural Communication 20: 5-15.
Merkin, Rebecca S. 2009b. “Cross-Cultural Differences in Approach-Avoidance Communication in South Korea and the U.S.” Human Communication 12: 199-213.
Merz, Miwa Y. 2009. “The Effects of Self-Construal and Perceived Control on Argumentativeness and Communication Apprehension.” Journal of Intercultural Communication Research 38: 59-75.
Paik, Yongsun, and Rosalie L. Tung. 1999. “Negotiating with East Asians: How to Attain ‘Win-Win’ Outcomes.” Management International Review 39: 103-122.
Park, Myung-Seok, and Moon-soo Kim. 1992. “Communication Practices in Korea.” Communication Quarterly 40: 398-404.
Park, Hyein, and Gyung-Ho Hur. 2011. “Hangukhyeong sotong seutail habu chawon gaebal-e daehan tamsaekjeok yeongu” (An Exploratory Study of Subdimensions of Korean Communication Style). Seupichi-wa keomyunikeisyeon (Speech and Communication) 15: 7-57.
Park, Myung-Seok, Donald Klopf, and Ronald Cambra. 1978. “A Comparison of the Prevalence of Communication Apprehension in Korea, America, Australia and Japan.” Korea Journal 18.12: 33-38.
Prunty, Alicia M., Donald W. Klopf, and Satoshi Ishii. 1990. “Argumentativeness: Japanese and American Tendencies to Approach and Avoid Conflict.” Communication Research Reports 7: 75-79.
Rancer, Andrew S., and Theodore A. Avtgis. 2006. Argumentative and Aggressive Communication: Theory, Research and Application. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Rancer, Andrew S., and Dominic A. Infante. 1985. “Relations between Motivation to Argue and the Argumentativeness of Adversaries.” Communication Quar-terly 33: 209-218.
Rogan, Randall G., and Betty H. La France. 2003. “An Examination of the Relationship between Verbal Aggressiveness, Conflict Management Styles, and Conflict Interaction Goals.” Communication Quarterly 51: 458-469.
Sanders, Judith, Robert Gass, Richard Wiseman, and Jon Bruschke. 1992. “Ethnic Comparison and Measurement of Argumentativeness, Verbal Aggressiveness, and Need for Cognition.” Communication Reports 5: 50-56.
Shim, Youn-ja T., Min-Sun Kim, and Judith N. Martin. 2008. Changing Korea: Understanding Culture and Communication. New York, NY: Peter Lang.
Song, Yong J. 1996. “Argumentativeness in Contexts: A Comparison of Motivations to Argue between South Koreans and North Americans in the Contexts of Age and Relationship.” PhD diss., Ohio University.
Song, Yong J. 2004. “A Comparison of Organizational Conflict Management Strategies between Americans and Koreans.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of International Communication Association, New Orleans, May 29.
Sue, David, Steve Ino, and Diane M. Sue. 1983. “Nonassertiveness of Asian Americans: An Inaccurate Assumption?” Journal of Counseling Psychology 30: 581-588.
Sueda, Kiyoko. 1995. “Differences in the Perceptions of Face: Chinese Mien-tzu and Japanese Mentsu.” World Communication 24: 23-32.
Suzuki, Shinobu, and Andrew S. Rancer. 1994. “Argumentativeness and Verbal Aggressiveness: Testing for Conceptual and Measurement Equivalence across Cultures.” Communication Monographs 64: 256-279.
Tasaki, Katsuya, Min-Sun Kim, and Michael D. Miller. 1999. “The Effects of Social Status on Cognitive Elaboration and Post-Message Attitude: Focusing on Self-Construals.” Communication Quarterly 47: 196-212.
Triandis, H. C. 1995. Individualism and Collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Tung, Rosalie. 1991. “Handshakes across the Sea: Cross-Cultural Negotiating for Business Success.” Organizational Dynamics 19: 30-40.
Yook, Eunkyung L., and Bokyong L. Ahn. 1999. “Comparison of Apprehension about Communication between Koreans and Americans.” Perceptual and Motor Skills 89: 161-164.
Yu, Seong Y. 2007. “Hangugin-ui munhwa simni teukseong yoin-gwa uirye sobi” (Cultural Psychological Factors on Ritualized Consumption in Korean). Hanguk simni hakhoeji: sobija gwanggo (Korean Journal of Consumer and Advertising Psychology) 8: 206-233.
Yum, June Ock. 1988. “The Impact of Confucianism on Interpersonal Relationship and Communication Patterns in East Asia.” Communication Mono-graphs 55: 374-388.
Yum, June Ock. 2012. “Communication Competence: A Korean Perspective.” China Media Research 8: 11-17.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations